man1:ls
ls 命令
Linux ls命令用于列出文件写信息（默认是当前工作目录），如果制定了特定的排序选项，将会对信息进行排序。
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用法
ls [选项] [文件名...]
[-1abcdfgiklmnopqrstuxABCDFGLNQRSUX] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I pattern] [--full-time]
[--format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-col‐umn}]
[--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}]
[--color[={none,auto,always}]] [--help] [--version] [--]
选项
| 选项 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| -a, –all | 显示所有文件及目录 (包括以“.”开头的隐藏文件) |
| -A, –almost-all | 显示所有文件（排除 .和..) |
| –author | 和-l一起使用，显示文件作者 |
| -b, –escape | 把文件名中不可输出的字符用反斜杠加字符编号(就象在 C 语言里一样)的形式列出。 |
| –block-size=SIZE | 和-l一起使用，显示文件大小是使用SIZE进行缩放 |
| –B, –ignore-backups | 不显示以~结尾的文件 |
| -c | 使用“状态改变时间”代替“文件修改时间”为依据来排序（使用“-t”选项时）或列出（使用“-l”选项时）。 |
| -C | 多列输出，纵向排序 |
| –color[=WHRN] | 指定是否使用颜色区别文件类别。环境变量 LS_COLORS 指定使用的颜色。 when 可以被省略，或是以下几项之一：none (不使用颜色，这是缺省项); auto 仅当标准输出是终端时使用。 always 总是使用颜色。指定 –color 而且省略 when 时就等同于 –color=always 。 |
| -d, –direnctory | 将目录名象其它文件一样列出，而不是列出它们的内容。 |
| -D, –dired | 生成Emacs的 Dired 模式信息 |
| -f | 不排序目录内容；按它们在磁盘上存储的顺序列出。同时启动“ -a ”选项，如果在“ -f ”之前存在“-l#”、“ –color ”或“ -s ”，则禁止它们。 |
| -F， –classify | 每个文件名后附上一个字符以说明该文件的类型。“ * ”表示普通的可执行文件； “ / ”表示目录；“ @ ”表示符号链接；“ |
| –file-type | 同 -F, 但是不添加 * |
| –format=WORD | across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C |
| –full-time | tong -l --time-style=full-iso |
| -g | 同-l, 不列出所有者 |
| –group-directories-first | group directories before files |
| -G,–no-group | 不列出组名 |
| -h, –human-readable | 显示人性化的文件大小 |
| –si | 使用1000代替 1024 |
| -H, –dereference-command-line | 跟随符号链接 |
| –dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir | 跟随指向目录的符号链接 |
| –hide=PATTEN | 不显示匹配模式的文件（被-A,-a覆盖） |
| –hyperlink[=when] | hyperlink file names; WHEN can be ‘always’ (默认值), ‘auto’, or ‘never’ |
| –indicator-style=WORD | append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (–file-type), classify (-F) |
| -i , –inode | 显示文件的inode号 |
| -I, –ignore=PATTERN | 不显示模式匹配的项 |
| -k， –kibibytes | default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage; used only with -s and per directory totals |
| -l | 使用长格式 |
| -L, –dereference | 跟随符号链接，而不是本身 |
| -m | 用,作为分隔符 |
| -n, –numeric-uid-gid | 同-l，但是列出 uid、gid |
| -N, –literal | 名字加上引号 |
| -o | 同-l, 但是不显示组信息 |
| -p, –indicator-style= slash | append / indicator to directories |
| -q, –hide-control-chars | print ? instead of nongraphic characters |
| –show-control-chars | show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is ‘ls’ and output is a terminal) |
| -Q, –quto-name | 用双引号引起文件名，非打印字符以 C 语言的方法表示 |
| –quoting-style=WORD | use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable) |
| -r, –reverse | 排序翻转 |
| -R, –rscusive | 递归子目录 |
| -s, –size | 显示分配给文件的尺寸（in blocks） |
| -S | 以文件尺寸进行排序，大文件在前 |
| –sort=word | sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X) |
| –time=word | with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time: atime or access or use (-u); ctime or status (-c); also use specified time as sort key if –sort=time (newest first) |
| –time-style=TIME_STYLE | time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below |
| -t | 以文件修改时间排序，最新的文件在前 |
| -T, –tabsize=COLS | assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 |
| -u | with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first |
| -U | 不排序 |
| -v | natural sort of (version) numbers within text |
| -w, –width=COLS | set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit |
| -x | list entries by lines instead of by columns |
| -X | sort alphabetically by entry extension |
| -Z, –context | print any security context of each file |
| -1 | list one file per line. Avoid ‘’ with -q or -b |
| –help | display this help and exit |
| –version | output version information and exit |
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024). Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,… (powers of 1000). Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files. TIME_STYLE prefixed with ‘posix-’ takes effect only outside the POSIX locale. Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with –color=never. With –color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
退出
- 0 成功
- 1 出现小问题（如无法访问子目录）
- 2 出现严重问题（如无法访问命令行参数)
实例
$ ls # 仅列出当前目录可见文件 $ ls -l # 列出当前目录可见文件详细信息 $ ls -hl # 列出详细信息并以可读大小显示文件大小 $ ls -al # 列出所有文件（包括隐藏）的详细信息
显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表
[root@localhost ~]# ls -a . anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc install.log .mysql_history satools .tcshrc .vimrc .. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc install.log.syslog .rnd .ssh .viminfo
输出长格式列表
[root@localhost ~]# ls -1 anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools
显示文件的inode信息
索引节点（index inode简称为“inode”）是Linux中一个特殊的概念，具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件（除文件名不同外）。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log 2345481 -rw------- 1 root root 859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg 2345474 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log
水平输出文件列表
[root@localhost /]# ls -m bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var
修改最后一次编辑的文件
最近修改的文件显示在最上面。
[root@localhost /]# ls -t tmp root etc dev lib boot sys proc data home bin sbin usr var lost+found media mnt opt selinux srv misc
显示递归文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R .: anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools ./satools: black.txt freemem.sh iptables.sh lnmp.sh mysql php502_check.sh ssh_safe.sh
打印文件的UID和GID
[root@localhost /]# ls -n total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 0 0 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 0 0 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
列出文件和文件夹的详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -l total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -lh total 254K drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12K Jun 16 04:02 lib drwx------ 2 root root 16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 opt dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var
显示文件夹信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/ drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/
按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -lt total 254 drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -ltr total 254 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp
按照特殊字符对文件进行分类
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F auto/ CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf/ configure* contrib/ html/ LICENSE Makefile man/ objs/ README src/
列出文件并标记颜色分类
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls --color=auto auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE Makefile man objs README src
man1/ls.txt · 最后更改: 2021/06/29 13:34 (外部编辑)